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According to the data of the 2011 Population and Housing Census (PHC 2011), 388,077 persons or 30% of Estonian residents suffered from some long-term illness or health problem. People with higher education suffer from long-term illnesses on average two times less than persons with basic or lower education.

In 2017, the social protection field was mostly characterised by growth trends: the average old-age pension exceeded 400 euros, labour market measures are being used more and there is a greater variety of them, the expenditure on family allowances increased and new allowances for large families were added. The number of old-age pensioners and subsistence benefit recipients has declined.

According to Statistics Estonia, 2.3% of the population of Estonia lived in absolute poverty and 20.7% lived at risk of poverty in 2019. Compared to 2018, the share of people at risk of poverty fell by one percentage point. The share of people living in absolute poverty rose by 0.1 percentage point.

According to Statistics Estonia, 4,637 persons emigrated from Estonia and 3,904 persons immigrated to Estonia in 2014. The volume of emigration was 30% smaller than in the previous three years.

According to the data of the 2011 Population and Housing Census (PHC 2011), 75.2% of Estonian residents are native population.

According to Statistics Estonia, unemployed persons numbered 51,000 and the unemployment rate was 7.5% in the 3rd quarter of 2014. Employment increased slightly, but the overall changes in employment and unemployment were minor.

According to Statistics Estonia, the unemployment rate in was 5.2% and the employment rate was 67.2% in the 3rd quarter of 2015. The employment and unemployment figures of the 3rd quarter resemble those of the economic boom.

According to the revised data of Statistics Estonia, 1,315,944 persons lived in Estonia on 1 January 2016 – 2,673 persons more than at the same time a year earlier. The population figure decreased by 1,336 persons due to negative natural increase, but increased by 2,410 as a result of positive net migration. The increase in the population figure was also influenced by changes in the calculation methodology, resulting in 1,599 persons being added to the population.

According to Statistics Estonia, 88% of Estonian households had internet connection at home in 2017. The share of households using mobile internet connection has reached 82%, increasing by four percentage points in a year.

According to Statistics Estonia, in 2009 the average income of population decreased and the unemployment increased due to the economic crisis, but increased pensions and governmental benefits helped people to prevent the fall in poverty.