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Gender pay gap refers to the difference between the average gross hourly wages and salaries of male and female employees by economic activity at the letter code level. Part-time employees' earnings are also taken into account when comparing gross hourly wages and salaries. Hourly wages and salaries are used to calculate the gender pay gap on the basis of a pan-European methodology. The gender pay gap is calculated by subtracting the average gross hourly wages and salaries of female employees from those of male employees and dividing the difference by the average gross hourly wages and salaries

Research and development (R&D) aim at acquiring new knowledge or using existing knowledge in a novel way. For example, it is the improvement of a product or work process. R&D ends when the main product is developed and the focus is shifted to production planning or market expansion. The main features of R&D are novelty, creativity, ambiguity, systematicity and transferability. Novelty means discovering something new, and with that goal in mind, researchers carry out studies at universities and research institutes. In business, novelty refers to new discoveries or technologies that have not

Nowadays it is possible to change one’s career, acquire a new specialty or broaden one’s general knowledge at any point in life. A person’s education starts early on in kindergarten and continues in basic school. Many people study their whole lives. Adults have more learning opportunities than ever before. In addition to universities, one can study in training centres and participate in short courses. There are more and more e-learning programmes, which also makes international education more widely available. Education statistics provide information on fields of education, educational